((( learn English grammar )))
Þáíá(íßÝí)ááÚÏÏ/Þáíá(íßÝí)ááßãíÉ AFEW / ALITTLE Þáíá(áÇíßÝí)ááÚÏÏ/Þáíá(áÇíßÝí)ááßãíÉ FEW / LITTLE
1- ÊõÓÊÎÏã ßáãÉ (A FEW) ááÏáÇáÉ Úáì ÇáãÚÏæÏ ÚäÏãÇ íßæä ßÇÝíÇð , Ýí Ííä ÊÓÊÎÏã ßáãÉ (A LITTLE) ááÏáÇáÉ Úáì ÇáßãíÉ ÚäÏãÇ Êßæä ßÇÝíÉ ßãÇ íáí :
ÚäÏäÇ ßÊÈ ( áßä ÊßÝí) . We have a few books.
ÚäÏäÇ ÇÞáÇã ÞáíáÉ ( áßä ÊßÝí) . We have a few pens.
ÚäÏäÇ ãÇÁ Þáíá ( æáßä íßÝí ) . We have a little water.
ÚäÏäÇ ÓßÑ Þáíá ( æáßä íßÝí ) . We have a little suger.
2- ÊÓÊÎÏã ßáãÉ (few) ááÏáÇáÉ Úáì ÇáãÚÏæÏ ÚäÏãÇ áÇíßæä ßÇÝíÇð , Ýí Ííä ÊÓÊÎÏã ßáãÉ (little) ááÏáÇáÉ Úáì ÇáßãíÉ ÚäÏãÇ áÇÊßæä ßÇÝíÉ ßãÇ íáí :
ÚäÏäÇ ßÊÈ ÞáíáÉ ( áßä áÇÊßÝí ) . We have few books .
ÚäÏäÇ æÞÊ Þáíá ( æáßä áÇíßÝí ) . We have little time .
ÇáÍÑÝ ÇáÇæá Ýí ÇáÇÈÌÏíÉ ÇáÇäÌáíÒíÉ . A
1- íõÓÊÎÏã åÐÇ ÇáÍÑÝ ÞÈá ÇáÇÓã ÇáãÝÑÏ ÇáãÚÏæÏ ( ÇáÞÇÈá ááÌãÚ ) æÇáÐí íÈÏà ÈÍÑÝ ÓÇßä æíßæä Ýí ÍÇáÉ ÇáãÝÑÏ ÝÞØ æíÒæá Úäå Ýí ÍÇáÉ ÇáÌãÚ ßãÇ íáí :
ÓíÇÑÉ : ÓíÇÑÇ Ê Acar : cars
æáÏ : ÇæáÇÏ Aboy : Boys
ÑÌá ØíÈ : ÑÌÇá ØíÈæä A good man : good men
2- ãÚ ÇáÊÚÇÈíÑ ÇáÎÇÕÉ ÈÇáÓÚÑ æÚÏÏ ÇáãÑÇÊ ßãÇ íáí :
ËáÇË ãÑÇÊ Ýí Çáíæã . Three times a day.
20 ÏíäÇÑÇð Ýí ÇááíáÉ . 20 dinars a night.
3- Ýí ÊÚÇÈíÑ ÇáÊÚÌÈ :
íÇáåÇ ãä ÈÐáÉ ÌãíáÉ ÊáÈÓåÇ . What a beautiful suit you have.
4- ÞÈá ßáãÉ (half) ßãÇ íáí :
ÅËäíä ßíáæ æäÕÝ . Two and a half kilos.
äÕÝ ßíáæ . Half a kilo.
AN
ÊõÓÊÎÏã ÞÈá ÇáÇÓã ÇáãÝÑÏ ÇáÐíä íÈÏà ÈÍÑÝ ãÊÍÑß ãä ÇáÇÍÑÝ ÇáãÊÍÑßÉ ÇáÎãÓÉ ÇáÊÇáíÉ :
(a,e,I,o,u) æÝíãÇ íáí ÇãËáÉ Úáì ÐÇáß :
ÊÝÇÍÉ . an apple
ÈíÖÉ . . an egg
ÞÕÉ ããÊÚÉ . an interesting story.
ÈÑÊÞÇáÉ . an orange.
ÔãÓíÉ . an umbrella.
æó AND
1- ÊõÓÊÎÏã áÑÈØ ÇáßáãÇÊ ßãÇ íáí :
Óãß æÈØÇØÇ . Fish and chips.
ÎÈÒ æÒÈÏÉ . Bread and butter.
Úáì æÚÈÏÇááå . Ali and Abdullah.
2- Ýí äåÇíÉ ÇáßáÇã ÚäÏ ÊÚÏÏ ÇáÚÈÇÑÇÊ ÈÍíË ÊÃÊí ÞÈá ÂÎÑ ÚÈÇÑÉ Ïæä ÇáÍÇÌÉ Çáì ÊßÑÇÑåÇ ÚÏÉ ãÑÊ ßãÇ íáí :
We bought bread, butter, cheese, and olives.
ÈÚÖ SOME Ãí ANY
ÊÓÊÎÏã (any) ãÚ ÇáÓÄÇá æÇáäÝí, Ýí Ííä ÊÓÊÎÏã (some) ãÚ ÇáÌãá ÇáãËÈÊÉ ßãÇ íáí :
1- ãÚ ÇáÓÄÇá :
åá ÇßáÊ ÃíÉ ÝÇßåÉ ÇãÓ ¿ Did you eat any fruit yesterday ?
áÇ áã Âßá . No, I didn't eat any.
äÚã, ÇßáÊ ÞáíáÇð . Yes, I ate a little.
åá ÚäÏß äÞæÏ ¿ Have you got any money.
äÚã ÚäÏí . Yes, I have some.
áÇ, áíÓ ÚäÏí äÞæÏ . No, I haven't got any.
2- ãÚ ÇáäÝí :
There is some sugar in the kitchen, but there isn't any tea.
íæÌÏ Þáíá ãä ÇáÓõßÑ Ýí ÇáãØÈÎ , áßä áÇíæÌÏ ÔÇí .
íæÌÏ ÈÚÖ ÇáßÊÈ Úáì ÇáØÇæáÉ .
There are some books on the table.
áÇíÑíÏ ÔÇí.
He doesn't want any tea.
3- ÊÓÊÎÏã(any) ÈÚÏ ÇáÍÑæÝ ÇáÌÑ(with- without- never) æßáãÇÊ (weather) æ(if) ßãÇ íáí :
ÃÏì ÇáÚãá ÈÏæä ÇíÉ ÕÚæÈÉ . He did the work without an difficulty.
ÇäÊ áã ÊÓÇÚÏäí ÇÈÏÇð . You never give me any help.
ANY MORE/SOME MORE/LITTLE MORE
åá ÊÑÛÈ Ýí ÔÇí ÒíÇÏÉ ¿
Would you like some more tea ?
äÚã , ÇÑÛÈ ÒíÇÏÉ . ÔßÑÇð .
Yes, I'd like a little more.thank you.
áÇ ÔßÑÇð . áÇ ÇÑíÏ ÒíÇÏÉ .
No, thank you . I don't want any more.
ÔÎÕ ãÇ SOMEONE Ãí ÔÎÕ ANYONE
ÎÇáÏ íßÊÈ Çáì ÔÎÕ ãÇ . ÃáíÓ ßÐÇáß ¿
Khalid isiting to someone, isn't he?
áÇ, Çäå áÇíßÊÈ áÇí ÇÍÏ .
No, he isn't
AS
I saw him as he was getting off the bus. - ÈíäãÇ
As he grew older, he became less active. - ÚäÏãÇ
As he wasn't ready in time, we left at once. - ÈÓÈÈ / ÍíË
He works as a manager. - ÈÕÝÉ
As soon as important. - ÈãÌÑÏ
As well. - ÈÇáãËá / ÇíÖÇð
I regard this subject as important.
ãËá (ááÏáÇáÉ Úáì ÇáÊÔÈíå(ãÚ ÇáÚÇÞá æÛíÑ ÇáÚÇÞá) AS…….AS
ÃÓãÇÁ ÌãíáÉ . ãäì ÌãíáÉ ÇíÖÇð . Asma is pretty.Muna is too.
ãäì ÌãíáÉ ãËá ÃÓãÇÁ. Muna is as pretty as Asma.
ÓÇãí æÏæÏ. ÒíÏ æÏæÏ . Sami is friendly.Zaid is friendly.
ÒíÏ æÏæÏ ãËá ÓÇãí . Zaid is as friendly as Sami.
ÇäÊ Øæíá ÇáÞÇãÉ . ÇäÇ Øæíá ÇáÞÇãÉ . You are tall.I am tall.
ÇäÇ Øæíá ÇáÞÇãÉ ãËáß . I am as tall as you.
äÍÊÇÌ ÇßÈÑ ÚÏÏ ããßä ãä ÇáäÓÎ . We need as many copies as possible.
ÚäÏå ãäÒá ßÈíÑ ãËá ÇáÞÕÑ. He has a house as big as a palace.
ááÏáÇáÉ Úáì ÇáÚÏÏ. AS MANY AS ááÏáÇáÉ Úáì ÇáßãíÉ . AS MUCH AS
äÈíá ÅÔÊÑì ÎãÓÉ ÇÞáÇã . ÓÇãí ÇÔÊÑì ÍãÓÉ ÇÞáÇã .
NABIL BOUGHT FIVE PENS.SAMI BOUGHT PENS.
äÈíá ÇÔÊÑì ÇÞáÇã ÈÞÏÑ ãÇÅÔÊÑì ÓÇãí .
Nabil bought pens as many as sami.
ÇäÝÞÉ ãÇÆÉ ÑíÇá . ÒíÏ ÇäÝÞ ãÇÆÉ ÑíÇá .
I spent hundred riyals. Zaid spent hundred riyals.
ÇäÝÞÊ äÞæÏÇð ÈÞÏÑ ãÇÇäÝÞ ÒíÏ .
I spent as much money as Zaid.
äÍÊÇÌ ÇßÈÑ ÚÏÏ ãä ÇáÕæÑ .
We need as many copies as possible.
áÇ íæÌÏ ãÇÁ ÈÞÏÑ ãÇÊæÞÚäÇ.
There is no water as we had expected.
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ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇáãÓÇÚÏÉ. AUXILIARY VERBS (HELPING VERBS).
ÊÞÓã ÇáÇÝÚÇá ÇáãÓÇÚÏÉ Çáì ÇáãÌãæÚÇÊ ÇáÊÇáíÉ :
1- ãÌãæÚÉ ÇÝÚÇá ÇáßíäæäÉ (be) æÊÚäí ( íßæä) æåí :
Ýí ÇáÊÕÑíÝ ÇáËÇáÜÜÜÜË Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÇÖÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜí Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÓÊãÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÑ Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáÍÇÖÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÑ
Been Been Been Been ßÇä/ßäÊ WAS ßäÊ WAS ßÇä WAS ßÇäæÇ WAS Being Being Being Being íßæä be Ãßæä am íßæä is íßæäæä are
2- ãÌãæÚÉ ÇÝÚÇá (have) æåí :
Ýí ÇáÊÕÑíÝ ÇáËÇáÜÜÜÜË Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÇÖÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜí Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÓÊãÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÑ Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáÍÇÖÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÑ
Had Had ÊæÌÈ Úáíå ÊæÌÈ Úáíå Had Had Had to Had to Having Having íÊæÌÈ Úáíå íÊæÌÈ Úáíå Have Has Have to Has to
3- ãÚ ÇÝÚÇá (do) æåí :
Ýí ÇáÊÕÑíÝ ÇáËÇáÜÜÜÜË Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÇÖÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜí Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÓÊãÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÑ Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáÍÇÖÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÑ
Done Done Did Did Doing Doing Do Does
4- ãÌãæÚÉ ÇÝÚÇá (modals) æåí :
íÓÊØíÚ/ÃÓÊØÇÚ Could íÓÊØíÚ/íÊãßä Can
ÓæÝ Would ÓæÝ Will(be going to)
íÌÈ Should ÓæÝ S hall
íãßä/ÞÏ Might íõãßä/ÞÏ/ÑõÈãÇ May
ÊÍÊã/ÊæÌÈ Ãä Had to íÊÍÊã/ íóáÒã Must
íäÈÛí/íÌÈ Ought to
5- ãÌãæÚÉ ÇÔÈÇå ÇáÇÝÚÇá ÇáãÓÇÚÏå æåí :
ßÇä/ÅÚÊÇÏ Used to íÍÊÇÌ need
íÌÑæÁ/íÊÍÏì dare ãä ÇáÇÝÖá/ãä ÇáãÓÊÍÓä had better
æÝíãÇ íáí ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÝÚÇá ÇáãÓÇÚÏå ÇáãÐßæÑÉ ÇÚáÇå :
1- ÊÓÊÎÏã ãÌãæÚÉ ÇÝÚÇá ÇáßíäæäÉ (be) ßãÇ íáí :
à - ÞÈá ÇáÇÓã : He is aboy.
È - ÞÈá ÇáÕÝÉ : The boy is happy.
Ì - ÞÈá ÇáÙÑÝ : He is here.
Ï - ÞÈá ÇáÝÚá ÇáãäÊåí ÈÇáÇÍÑÝ (ing) Ýí ÍÇáÉ ÇáÇÓÊãÑÇÑ:
He is eating now
åÜ - ÞÈá ÇáÊÕÑíÝ ÇáËÇáË ááÝÚáÝí ÍÇáÉ ÇáãÈäí ááãÌåæá :
The window was broken.
2- ÊÓÊÎÏã ãÌãæÚÉ ÇÝÚÇá (have) ßãÇ íáí :
à - ÞÈá ÇáÇÓã ááÏáÇáÉ Úáì ÇáãáßíÉ ßãÇ íáí :
1- ÈÚÏ ÇáÚÇÞá ÈãÚäì ( ÚäÏí / ÚäÏå / íãÊáß ):
ÚäÏí ÓíÇÑÉ . I have a car.
ãÍãÏ ÚäÏå ÈíÊ Ìãíá. Mohammed has a beautiful house.
ÚäÏåã æÞÊ ßËíÑ . They have much time.
2- ÈÚÏ ÛíÑ ÇáÚÇÞá ÈãÚäì ( Èå / ÈåÇ / áå / áåÇ ) :
ÇáÈíÊ Èå ÍÏíÞÉ. The house has a garden.
ÇáÛÑÝå áåÇ äÇÝÐÊíä . The room has two windows.
3- ÞÈá ÇáæÌÈÇÊ ÈãÚäì íÊäÇæá ßãÇ íáí :
ÇÊäÇæá ÇáÝØæÑ ÇáÓÇÚÉ 9 . I have breakfast at 9 o'clock.
ÊäÇæáÊ ÇáÚÔÇÁ ãÊÃÎÑÇð ÃãÓ . I have my dinner late yesterday.
åæ íÊäÇæá ÇáÛÏÇÁ ÇáÂä . He is having lunch now.
È- ÞÈá ÇáÝÚá Ýí ÇáÊÕÑíÝ ÇáËÇáË Ýí ÕíÛÉ ÇáãÖÇÑÚ ÇáÊÇã ÈãÚäì ( áÞÏ ) ßãÇ íáí :
áÞÏ ÏÚÇäí ááÚÔÇÁ . He has invited for dinner.
áÞÏ ÐåÈ ÓÇãí ááÈÞÇá . Sami has gone to the shop.
3- ÊÓÊÎÏã ãÌãæÚÉ ÇÝÚÇá (do) ßãÇ íáí :
1- Ýí ÈÏÇíÉ ÇáÓÄÇá ÇáãÎÊÕÑ ÇáÇÌÇÈÉ ÈãÚäì ( åá ¿ ) ßãÇ íáí :
åá ÊÊßáã ÇáÇäÌáíÒíÉ ¿ Do you speak English?
åá ÌÇÁæÇ Çáì åäÇ . Did they come here?
È - ÈãÚäì íÝÚá / íÄÏí ßãÇ íáí :
ÇäÇ ÇÝÚá æÇÌÈí . I do my duty.
ÅÝÚá æÇÌÈß . Do your duty.
æÝíãÇ íáí ÊæÒíÚ ÇáÇÝÚÇá ÇáãÓÇÚÏÉ Úáì ãÌãæÚÇÊ ÇáÖãÇÆÑ:
Have ãÇÖí Do ãÇÖí ßíäæäÉ ãÇÖí Have ãÇÖí Do ÍÖÑ ßíäæäÉ ÍÇÖÑ ÇáÖãíÑ
Had Had Had Had Did Did Did Did Was Were Were Were Have Have Have Have Do Do Do Do Am Are Are Are I You They We
Had Had Had Did Did Did Was Was Was Has Has Has Does Does Does Is Is Is He She It
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ÑÏ ãÚ ÇÞÊÈÇÓ
