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  1. #31
    Status




    08 2008
    24,261
    0
    2 2

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  2. #32
    Status




    08 2008
    24,261
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    2 2

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    :{ * } (20-21) . , !! () ʡ , . , .
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  3. #33
    Status




    08 2008
    24,261
    0
    2 2

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    :
    (
    Fatty Acids) ( Glycerol).
    100 :
    1. 1.5
    2. 13.5
    3. 4
    4. 91
    5. 61
    6. 22
    7. 17
    8. 1
    9.22
    10. 4.4
    11. 180
    12. 300
    :
    1. Oleic Acid
    2. Palmitic Acid
    3. Linoleic Acid
    4. stearic Acid
    5. Myrisitic Acid
    !



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  4. #34
    Status




    08 2008
    24,261
    0
    2 2

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  5. #35
    Status




    08 2008
    24,261
    0
    2 2

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  6. #36
    Status




    08 2008
    24,261
    0
    2 2

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  7. #37
    Status




    08 2008
    24,261
    0
    2 2
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  8. #38
    Status




    08 2008
    24,261
    0
    2 2

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    dysphagia swallowing disorder
    , , gastric outlet obstruction - - 10 , .




    :
    [LIST][*]
    oral phase .
    [*]
    oral preparatory phase: , bolus hard palate taste, temperature, touch, proprioception consistency .
    [*]
    oral transit phase: , trigger , , , .
    [*]
    pharyngeal phase: , anterior faucial arch velum, velopharyngeal , cricopharyngeal sphincter, , cricopharyngeal .
    [*]
    esophageal phase: the myenteric plexus, peristaltic wave - - , esophageal-gastric sphincter , , soft palate, faucial arches, , , reticular system the facial - VII, glossopharyngeal - IX, vagus - X trigeminal - V, facial - VII, glossopharyngeal - IX, , hypoglossal - XII , nucleus ambiguus , , .
    [/LIST]





    , , (aspiration )
    aspiration pneumonia - , , , . lesion cerebral cortex brainstem :
    [LIST][*]
    , , , .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [/LIST]
    :
    [LIST][*]
    , , .
    [*]
    aspiration inhalation .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [/LIST]
    :
    [LIST][*]
    superior pharynx nasopharyngeal reflux uvulectomy.
    [*]
    palatopharyngeal hyoid bone .
    [*]
    pharyngeal constrictor sinus, .
    [*]
    , , , .
    [/LIST]
    :
    [LIST][*]
    achalasia .
    [*]
    Zenker diverticulum .
    [*]
    ( hilar lymph (nodes ( ) .
    [/LIST]


    :
    [LIST][*]
    , , , , .
    [*]
    Myasthenia gravis.
    [*]
    muscular dystrophies, spinal muscular atrophy, poliomyelitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis.
    [*]
    .
    [*][*]
    antipsychotics lipid-lowering agents colchicines.
    [*]
    , , , , , , .
    [*]
    , , .
    [*]
    diffuse esophageal spasms, (achalasia (megaesophagus, gastroesophageal reflux (disease (GE            , radiation esophagitis, .
    [/LIST]

    , , , :
    [LIST][*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    hypopharynx.
    [*][*]
    drooling.
    [*]
    gag reflex .
    [*]
    nasal regurgitation.
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    , , , , , , , , botulinum toxin 3 , .
    [*]
    nitrates, anticholinergic agents, , calcium channel blockers, , , , olanzapine, .
    [*]
    , , , , , , , , , , ( ), , , , gait.
    [LIST][*]
    :
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    .
    [/LIST][/LIST]
    :
    silent aspiration :
    [LIST][*]
    (videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS different consistency , .
    [*]
    fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES): , laryngopharynx hypopharynx.
    [*]
    diverticula .
    [*]
    : , laryngeal/hyoid elevation.
    [*]
    (electromyography (EMG: , .
    [*]
    scintigraphy: , .
    [*]
    .
    [*]
    manometric fluoroscopy: .
    [*]
    cervical auscultation: .
    [*][*]
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    [*]
    , .
    [/LIST]

    [LIST][*]
    .
    [*]
    , , , :
    [LIST][*]
    , , .
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    , ( , , ), ( , ) , ( , , ) ( , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) .
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    epiglottic angles, , , , , .
    [*]
    , , , , , , , .
    [*]
    ( ) , , diltiazem nutcracker esophagus, , achalasia.
    [*]
    , , , .
    [*]
    nonoral feedings, , , Nasogastric (NG) tubes
    [/LIST][/LIST]
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  9. #39
    Status


    08 2010
    ....!
    2,062
    0
    0 0

    : * ......!

    ssf
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  10. #40
    Status


    08 2010
    ....!
    2,062
    0
    0 0

    Wink : * ......!

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: 1 (0 1 )

  1. afh
    : 7
    : 18 -07- 2012, 12:44 PM
  2. ~*
    :: ::
    : 5
    : 11 -06- 2010, 06:46 PM
  3. :: ::
    : 5
    : 01 -12- 2006, 10:09 AM
  4. !!!!!!!!!
    :: ::
    : 4
    : 18 -08- 2005, 09:17 AM
  5. ()
    :: ::
    : 7
    : 31 -10- 2004, 04:19 PM